Nepal, a land of breathtaking landscapes and rich cultural diversity, is also home to a unique tradition of various masked dances. The Newars from the Kathmandu Valley are well-known for their masked dance performances which have significant historical and cultural roots. This brief article provides an overview of Nepal's masked dances with a focus on the Newar community, including a brief information on its background, history, and mask-making traditions.
The Newars
The Newars are one of Nepal's most ancient and culturally rich communities. They are native to the Kathmandu valley. The Newars have played a vital role in shaping the culture, art, and traditions of the Kathmandu Valley and the surrounding territories then known as Nepalmandal. Their distinctive practices combine various elements of Buddhism and Hinduism, creating a vibrant tapestry of festivals and rituals that are fundamental to their identity.
The tradition of Masked dances
The tradition of masked dances among the Newars can be traced back to ancient times when the Kathmandu Valley was a melting pot of diverse cultures and influences. These dances were originally performed as part of religious rituals and festivals, serving as a means to convey religious stories, myths, and legends to the masses. Over the centuries, these dances evolved, blending elements of Buddhism, Hinduism, and indigenous beliefs.
There are numerous masked dances practiced by the Newars in the Kathmandu valley and beyond. The Newars generally call it “pyakhan” which represent the dance, drama and other visual presentations. Among the masked dances, scholars consider the “Jala Pyakhan” from Harisiddhi, Patan as the oldest masked dance of the Kathmandu valley. Besides this dance, there are many other dance traditions that are practiced in various places throughout the year.
Majority of the masked dances are practiced during Saparu (Gai Jatra) and Yenya Punhi (Indra Jatra) around August-September in the Kathmandu valley and surrounding teritories. In Kathmandu, particularly, the Indra Jatra festival involves elaborate masked dances and processions honoring goddess Kumari (the living goddess of Kathmandu) and other deities. Devi Pyakhan, Lakhay Pyakhan, Sawa Bhakku, PuluKisi are few examples of the dances performed during Indra Jatra. The festival is not only a cultural spectacle but also a reflection of Newar spirituality and heritage.
Mask making Tradition
Central to the masked dance tradition is the art of mask-making. Newar craftsmen, known as "Pun" (Chitrakar) are highly skilled in creating these intricate masks. The process is a meticulous one, involving the use of various materials like clay, wood, and paper. These masks are adorned with vibrant natural colors, intricate designs, and traditional motifs, each symbolizing a specific character or deity, Lakhay, for instance.
The mask-making tradition is passed down through generations. The mask making requires a lot of devotion and hard work. Some masks are considered sacred and are used exclusively during traditional dances and ceremonies, while others are designed for specific characters in the dances. These days masked are also made for a decorative purpose or for souvenirs.
The masked dances of Nepal, particularly those performed by the Newar minority, are evidence of the nation's deep spirituality and rich cultural legacy. These dances not only provide entertainment but also act as a link between generations, preserving the essence of Nepal's numerous traditions. The art of mask making and the performances themselves are a window into the soul of this fascinating culture, inviting visitors and locals alike to experience the magic of Nepal's masked dances.
